Possible effects of human impacts on epibenthic communities and coral rubble features in the marine Park of Bunaken (Indonesia)     

Federica Fava  Massimo Ponti  Alice Scinto  Barbara Calcinai  Carlo Cerrano 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009

Indo-Pacific coral reefs are considered among the most complex and biodiversified ecosystems in the world. Their existence is threatened by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Therefore, the assessment of anthropogenic disturbances is necessary to protect and manage these marine natural resources. In Bunaken Marine Park (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) epibenthic assemblages and coral rubble features at four impacted sites (each of them located close to villages and frequently exploited as recreational diving spots), and four well preserved sites (far from villages and scarcely frequented by divers), were investigated at 6, 12 and 18 m depth, in order to identify possible reef modifications. The assemblages were sampled by way of photographs. Coral rubble cover was estimated both by way of photographs and along belt transects, while grain size and the living fraction of the coral rubble were assessed by direct samples. The data showed significant differences between the study sites and between depths with regard to human activity. The hard coral cover and the assemblage heterogeneity are higher in control sites than in the impacted site where, especially in shallow water, the mechanical damage can strongly affect the assemblage structure.  相似文献   

Experimental study of unidirectional irregular wave slamming on the three-dimensional structure in the splash zone     

Zhaoqiang Ding  Yongxue Wang  Xiaozhong Ren 《Ocean Engineering》2008,35(16):1637-1646

The experimental investigation of unidirectional random wave slamming on the three-dimensional structure in the splash zone is presented. The experiment is conducted in the marine environment channel in the State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology. The test wave is unidirectional irregular wave. The experiments are carried out with perpendicular random waves (β=0°) and oblique random waves (β=15°, 30°, 45°), the significant wave heights H_1/3 ranging from 7.5 to 20 cm with 2.5 cm increment, the peak wave periods T_p ranging from 0.75 to 2.0 s with 0.25 s increment, and the clearance of the model with respect to the significant wave height s/H_1/3 ranging from 0.0 to 0.5 with 0.1 increment. The statistical analysis results of different test cases are presented. The statistical distribution characteristics of the perpendicular irregular wave impact pressures are compared with that of the oblique irregular wave on the underside of the structure. The effect of the wave direction β on the wave impact forces on the underside of the structure is determined. The relation between the impact forces and the parameters such as the significant wave height, the relative structure width and the relative clearance of the structure is also discussed.  相似文献   

环渤海地区农业地域功能演进及其影响因素   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

鲁莎莎  刘彦随  秦凡 《地理学报》2019,74(10):2011-2026

农业地域功能是农业地理学的重点理论问题之一,也是关乎粮食安全和区域农业可持续发展的重要实践课题。以环渤海地区为例,通过构建评价体系开展农业地域功能划分及其演进分析,利用空间计量模型诊断农业地域多功能形成的影响因素。结果表明：① 环渤海地区生态保育功能的空间集中度较高,农产品供给、就业与社会保障、文化传承与休闲功能则较低,4种功能空间格局具有显著规律性。② 农产品供给功能显著增强,主要分布区域向平原农区聚集;就业与社会保障高值区从内陆向沿海转移;山地丘陵生态保育功能有所增强;市辖区及周边的文化传承和休闲功能较显著。③ 农产品供给功能主导型县域集中于冀中南平原、鲁西北冲击平原、胶莱平原和辽河平原西部;社会保障主导型集中在燕山山麓平原、滨海平原、胶东半岛以及黄河三角洲;生态保育主导型集中在冀北坝上高原、燕山山地地区,以及辽西、辽东山地丘陵区和京津冀都市圈周边;文化传承与休闲功能集中于京津冀、辽中南和济南都市圈及周边;综合型位于鲁西南黄淮平原与鲁中南丘陵地区。④ 自然因素对农产品供给、就业与社会保障和生态保育功能的形成均具有显著影响;社会经济因素对4种功能的作用则具有较大差异。  相似文献   

Complex microstructures preserved in rocks with a simple matrix: significance for deformation and metamorphic processes     

Bell  & Hickey 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1999,17(5):521-535

Schists from the foothills of the Central Sierra Nevada contain one dominant matrix foliation and yet four phases of growth of both cordierite and andalusite porphyroblasts can be distinguished. These occurred early during four separate deformation events that formed successive steep and shallow foliations. A fifth deformation event pre-dates the growth of all porphyroblasts studied. The multiple phases of porphyroblast growth allow correlation of structures across and along the region. A repeated pattern of deformation, in terms of the curvature of earlier foliations against the overprinting one, allows samples containing porphyroblasts with simpler inclusion trail geometries to be interpreted with confidence. The large-scale fold structures in this region formed before or during the second of the five deformation events recorded by the porphyroblasts. However, the matrix foliation is predominantly a product of the fourth deformation, which has commonly reactivated or re-used older foliations, and is dominated by east-side-up shear. The intervening third deformation produced locally intense foliations and was accompanied by top-to-the-east shear. The very weak fifth deformation produced weak crenulations with subhorizontal axial planes and was coaxial. Multiple phases of episodic but synchronous growth of cordierite and andalusite were produced by the KFMASH univariant equilibrium Ms+Chl+Qtz=And+Crd+Bt+H₂O. The rocks crossed this reaction at a pressure just below the intersection with the KFMASH divariant equilibrium Ms+Chl+Qtz=Crd+Bt+H₂O; the latter being overstepped in favour of the former as there is no evidence for cordierite growth prior to andalusite in these rocks. Subsequent multiple episodes of synchronous growth of cordierite and andalusite indicate that the possible variation in P–T during subsequent deformations was not large. This requires the high-amplitude macroscopic fold to form prior to porphyroblast growth and then be simply tightened and modified by the younger deformations.  相似文献   

关于变质深熔作用与成岩成矿关系的思考   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

李兆麟 《地学前缘》2001,8(3):29-38

变质作用与地壳形成演化过程密切伴生 ,并与成岩、成矿作用具密切关系。从动力学系统分析 ,区域变质作用混合岩化作用变质深熔作用是温压递进性变质作用。变质深熔作用是变质过程一个重要组成部分 ,它具有独特的温压、热力学、动力学及地球化学特性 ,文中定义为变质深熔系统 ,简称MAS ,它是由物质来源、能量来源、作用形式 ,物质转移与富集 ,形成时间与位置等要素组成。文中列举与变质深熔作用有关的花岗质岩石及矿床实例 ,并据MAS要素分析其成岩、成矿机制 ,剖析了哀牢山变质带、云开变质带花岗质岩石属变质深熔成因 ,变质带中伟晶岩矿床、剪切带金矿床形成与变质深熔作用具密切关系。当前国际上十分重视在矿床形成和物质转移中的变质作用研究 ,因此深入开展变质深熔作用与成岩、成矿关系研究具重要理论和实践指导意义。  相似文献   

两广交界地区花岗岩中包体的类型，特征与成因   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

庞保成 《矿物岩石》2001,21(1):8-13

据包体岩相学及矿物学研究，包体岩石为角闪岩相到麻粒岩相的副变质岩，岩石类型有麻粒岩，变粒岩，片麻岩和富云包体，角闪岩相包体形成的温度为633度，压力为460Mpa-550MPa，麻粒岩包体形成的温度为781－883度，压力为530MPa-710MPa，包体为部分熔融形成寄主花岗岩岩浆的源区岩石列余，其中大容－十万大山地区角闪岩相－ 麻粒岩相包体岩石为区域动热变质成因；云开大山地区麻粒岩包体岩石为热穹隆变质成因。  相似文献   

大别山碧溪岭未经历超高压变质的片麻状花岗岩   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

刘晓春  董树文  钱存超  薛怀民 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2001,20(1):21-25

关于大别山超高压变质带中与榴辉岩密切伴生的花岗片麻岩是否也经历了超高压变质作用一直是个争议的问题。笔者最近在碧溪岭片麻状花岗岩中首次发现了可靠的岩相学和矿物学证据 ,证明该岩石只遭受到绿片岩相变质作用的改造 ,而未曾记录超高压变质矿物组合。根据片麻状花岗岩与围岩接触部位强烈糜棱岩化的发育 ,认为超高压岩石在抬升到地壳范围时与以花岗质岩石为主构成的扬子陆壳发生了大规模的构造并置。  相似文献   

国内外对天体撞击地球的撞击构造研究的新进展   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

覃功炯  欧强  常旭 《地学前缘》2001,8(2):345-352

以 31届国际地质大会有关论文为基础 ,综述了国内外撞击构造研究的最新进展 ,分 4个方面 :(1)新的撞击坑发现与报道 :除已知的 145个之外 ,还有巴西的 14个撞击坑 ,其中 7个目前已经证实 ;蒙古的 2 0个撞击坑 ,其中 11个已经证实 ;中国自 2 0世纪 70年代以来发现和报道的 8个撞击坑和对它们的研究简况。 (2 )撞击构造与地球演化 :涉及到地球的起源 ,天体撞击在地球形成中的作用 ,撞击周期 ,撞击与地磁 ,地轴变动的关系 ,撞击作用与板块构造 ,撞击与地球内动力的关系 ,太阳系其他行星上的撞击作用对比。 (3)撞击构造研究方法 :包括对复杂撞击坑中心隆起的深钻研究成果 ,对海洋巨型撞击坑的地震测量 ,撞击熔岩的分异与蚀变的物理化学实验计算 ,深部流体与撞击作用的研究进展 ,撞击压力测量的新方法 ,撞击变质作用在矿物学上的进展 ,撞击数学模型的建立与应用。 (4 )撞击构造与经济矿产 :包括金刚石 ,宝玉石 ,Au ,Ag ,Cu ,Ni,Co ,Se ,Te ,Pb ,Zn ,PGE ,REE ,U ,Th等多种元素与矿产以及石油、煤、天然气与撞击构造的关系 ,这些矿产在成因、分布规律、控制作用与撞击构造的关系。  相似文献   

湖南连云山剪切重熔型花岗岩的野外构造岩相分带   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李先福  李建威  周美夫 《地质科技情报》2001,20(3):27-30

湖南连云山扁透镜状花岗岩侵位于长寿街—双牌走滑断裂带内。野外地质剖面观测结果表明 ,该岩区存在如下连续过渡的构造岩相分带 :未卷入断裂变形变质的冷家溪群 (围岩 )→含石榴子石云母石英构造片岩→混合岩化石英云母片岩→条带状、肠状混合岩夹透镜状花岗质小块岩→片麻状、块状黑云二长花岗岩 (主体 )。区域地质构造解析结果表明 ,连云山花岗岩与晚三叠世—侏罗纪 NNE向会聚走滑断层动热变质—剪切重熔型岩浆作用有关。  相似文献   

可控冲击矛偏转理论研究     

马新  熊青山  刘静 《世界地质》2001,20(2):202-205

偏心钻头在钻进的过程中轨迹呈曲线，而影响曲线曲率半径的原因是多方面的。在对冲击矛及土体做了若干假设的基础上建立起了冲击矛受力的力学模型，从力学的角度对可控冲击矛的钻进轨迹进行了深入的理论分析及研究，从本质上找出了可控冲击矛轨迹变化的根本原因。  相似文献